Crypto Taxes USA: Expert Guide for 2026 [IRS Rules]

Crypto taxation for individual investors

Crypto transactions in the US for private investors are taxed according to transaction type, investor tax rate, and other factors.

You must pay taxes on cryptocurrency trading of all types (except buying crypto with FIAT). Trading cryptocurrencies, NFTs, or Metaverse tokens triggers capital gains taxation.

Crypto income from airdrops, staking rewards, hard forks, or crypto interest is taxed at ordinary income level.

Cost basis

Your cost basis in a crypto trade is the price you paid for the cryptocurrency at a certain time, plus transaction fees.

Example: If you bought 1 Bitcoin for $20K and sell that Bitcoin, your cost basis is $20K. If you only sell 0.5 BTC, your cost basis would be $10K (0.5 BTC × total cost basis of $20K).

If you purchased crypto with another crypto, your cost basis in the purchased crypto equals the Fair Market Value of the crypto you sold.

Example: If you bought 2 ETH with some BTC worth $5K, your total cost basis in the 2 ETH would be $5,000.

When do gains from cryptocurrencies have to be taxed?

In the US, every time you trade cryptocurrencies for a gain or loss, you must report that trade in your crypto taxes.

If you trade any crypto for another crypto, NFT, token, or FIAT (e.g., EUR/USD), you must determine the gain/loss based on the difference between sales proceeds and your cost basis. Then report it according to holding period, separated under long-term and short-term gain/loss.

Gains/losses from crypto trading must be reported on Form 8949 and Schedule D of Form 1040.

Individual taxpayers follow calendar year tax reporting. All crypto trades in the same calendar year must be reported on the same tax return for each crypto investor.

Crypto tax rate

Your crypto tax rate depends on transaction nature, holding period, and other personal circumstances.

If you earn crypto income from activities like airdrops, interest products, staking, hard forks, play-to-earn gaming, salaries, freelance payments, and others, your crypto tax rate depends on your total taxable income and your applicable US income tax brackets for 2023.

If you trade any crypto, you are taxed at capital gains level, with rates ranging from 0% to 37%, depending on holding period and total income level.

Short-term capital gains

If you held crypto for 12 months or less before selling it for FIAT or another cryptocurrency/NFT/token/currency, you are taxed at short-term capital gains level, ranging from 10% to 37%, depending on your personal situation (e.g., total taxable income, filing status).

Long-term capital gains

Crypto investors are subject to long-term capital gains taxes if they hold crypto for over 12 months before selling it. If you have long-term capital gains from crypto trades, your crypto tax rate ranges from 0% to 20%, depending on your situation. Learn more about long-term holding.

Crypto tax allowance

In the US, there is a tax allowance, which also applies to crypto, if you do not cross a total income threshold each tax year.

US citizens (individuals) who earn less than $13,850 in 2023 (filing as single) don't have to pay taxes in the US, including if that amount is from crypto income (e.g., airdrops, salaries, hard forks, crypto interest).

For married couples, this tax exemption amount increases to $27,700 for 2023, including income from crypto activities.

How to determine crypto gains or losses

You can determine your crypto gains or losses from trading by subtracting your cost basis (including transaction fees paid) from the total sales proceeds.

Example: If you bought 1 BTC for $20,000 (cost basis) and sell it for $35,000 (sales proceeds), your crypto gain is $15,000 ($35,000 – $20,000).

If you have been buying the same crypto over time, you would end up with multiple tax lots. When you sell the coin, your gain/loss calculation is affected by the cost basis allocation method you use.

FIFO (first in, first out)

FIFO (First-In, First-Out) is one of the permissible cost basis allocation methods for crypto gains/losses calculation in the US, while the IRS sees it as the default method. FIFO refers to using the earliest tax lot available for cost basis allocation when doing gain/loss calculation for a trade.

Under FIFO, the earliest purchase transaction you make for a particular cryptocurrency is used for calculating the cost basis when you sell that crypto.

Example: If you buy 1 Bitcoin on date X for $20,000 and six months later you buy 1 Bitcoin for $25,000, you have two different cost basis (batches) of Bitcoin.

Using FIFO as your accounting method, the first time you sell any Bitcoin, you use the first batch for calculating your cost basis. Imagine one year after date X, you sell 1 Bitcoin for $35,000.

Crypto gain for the trade (FIFO): $35,000 (sales proceeds of 1 BTC) – $20,000 (cost basis of the 1st BTC acquired) = $15,000

Specific Identification/OPTI

In the US, you can also choose Specific Identification/OPTI (Optimized Method) as an accounting method for crypto gains/losses calculations.

If you want to use a different cost basis allocation method for a previous year that you already filed a tax return for, you can amend the tax return to switch to a new permissible method.

If you want to change your cost basis allocation method for a new tax year, there is no rule prohibiting it, as long as you are using a method permissible by the IRS.

Please note that most crypto tax software currently in the market do not track your cost basis allocation method from one year to another, and do not "lock" the method you used for each year.

Therefore, you could end up with a wrong tax report if you switch your cost basis allocation method from one year to another. To generate the correct tax report for current year under a method different than the one used for previous year(s), you need to either use "close the book" method or work with a crypto tax software like CoinTracking that can track different methods and generate correct tax report results under different methods for different years.

Requirements for Specific Identification?

Specific identification is a cost basis allocation method allowed by the IRS. Theoretically, any allocation method other than FIFO can be considered a specific identification method. On CoinTracking, the specific identification method that can lead to the most tax advantageous result is usually OPTI or ZERO.

You can switch from FIFO to a specific identification method from one year to another, as long as the crypto tax software you use has the necessary features to allow such a switch and can produce the correct tax report after making the switch.

Example

With Specific Identification/OPTI, you can pick the specific tax lot you want to use to calculate your cost basis, which can help you lower your capital gain result and consequently your tax bill for the tax year.

Let's go back to the example above.

It would be beneficial (in the short-term) to select the Bitcoin batch with the higher cost basis so that your capital gain is lower, and consequently, your capital gains taxes on that trade will also be lower.

Calculation:
Crypto gain for the trade (Specific Identification): $35,000 (sales proceeds of 1 BTC) – $25,000 (cost basis of the 2nd BTC acquired) = $10,000

However, please note that picking a higher cost basis is not always the best choice, because you also need to consider the holding period issue. Since the long term capital gain tax rate is usually lower than the short term capital gain tax rate, your tax liability may be lower if you have a long term gain with a slightly larger amount when compared to a short term gain with a smaller amount.

Consult your crypto tax advisor if you are not sure which cost basis allocation method is the best for you.

Reporting crypto transactions/activities on your tax return

There are a series of reporting obligations when you trade or earn cryptocurrencies in the US.

Firstly, you need to answer the crypto question on page 1 of your Form 1040. For the 2022 tax year, the IRS included the following crypto question on Form 1040:

"At any time during 2022, did you: (a) receive (as a reward, award or payment for property or services); or (b) sell, exchange, gift or otherwise dispose of a digital asset (or a financial interest in a digital asset)?"

If you only bought or moved cryptocurrencies between personal wallets, you could answer "No." In most other cases, you would have to answer "Yes."

For crypto trading and earning crypto income, the reporting needs would entail reporting gains/losses on Form 8949 and income on another schedule of Form 1040.

Form 8949

The IRS Form 8949 is where investors should report their capital gains/losses, separated by their holding period (long-term versus short-term).

In the US, you need to report your crypto gain/loss for each trade on Form 8949 and Schedule D of Form 1040.

You need to report whether the gain was from a long-term trade (over 12 months) or a short-term trade (12 months or less). If you do not make such a distinction, the IRS will assume that your trade is short-term and it will be taxed at a higher rate than long-term capital gains.

Taxation of different crypto transactions

Crypto transactions are taxed differently in the US according to their nature, but in general, they are classified as either gains/losses or income.

Crypto trading

Crypto trading in the US is taxed at the capital gains level, depending on the holding period of the cryptocurrency you sold and some other factors.

Your crypto trades can be taxed at a long-term capital gains tax rate, ranging from 0% to 20%, or a short-term capital gains tax rate between 10% and 37%.

Any trade of a cryptocurrency for another cryptocurrency, DeFi token, Web3 token, NFT, or FIAT (e.g., EUR/USD) is taxed at a capital gains level in the US.

Crypto to crypto trades

Crypto-to-crypto trades are taxable events in the US, subject to capital gains taxes, with tax rates depending on the holding period and some other factors.

Crypto-to-crypto trades include any trade of a cryptocurrency for another cryptocurrency/digital asset of any type, from crypto tokens to NFTs.

Example:
John bought 1 Bitcoin for $20K in October 2020.

In December 2021, 1 Bitcoin is worth $40K, 1 Ethereum is worth $2K, and John sells his 1 BTC for 20 ETH ($40K/$2K tokens).

John's capital gain ($20K) from this trade (Bitcoin to ETH) is calculated by $40K (sales proceeds/total amount of ETH bought) minus $20K (cost basis of his Bitcoin). The gain is subject to long term capital gain tax rate because John's holding period for the Bitcoin he sold is more than 12 months.

Staking

Staking is a taxable event in the US, with crypto staking rewards being taxed at the income level.

If you earn crypto staking rewards, you must report the Fair Market Value (in USD) of those rewards at the time you receive them. The total FMV of the staking rewards you receive in the same tax year must be reported on your US Individual Income Tax Return for that year.

Lending and borrowing

Crypto interest products giving investors crypto rewards in the form of interest are taxed at the income level in the US. Interest income is reported on Schedule B of Form 1040.

If you put your crypto assets to work in an interest investment vehicle, you earn rewards, similarly to staking, and you must determine the Fair Market Value (in USD) of the rewards at the time you receive them.

However, borrowing crypto is usually not a taxable event in the US. If you use the crypto loan to generate investment income and/or trading gains/losses, you may be able to deduct the interest expense you paid for the loan if you are taking an itemized deduction on your tax return.

Mining

Crypto mining is a taxable event in the US, leading miners to pay income taxes on their newly created cryptocurrencies.

Miners input resources to create new units of cryptocurrency, and when they are in full control of those new tokens, they must determine the Fair Market Value (in USD) of those units and then report it as income on Form 1040 (Income Tax Return).

If you are doing mining as a hobby, you need to report your mining income on Schedule 1 of your Form 1040.

If you are doing mining as a business (either sole proprietor or single member LLC), you need to report your mining income on Schedule C of your Form 1040.

Crypto airdrops or hard forks

Receiving crypto due to airdrops and hard forks is a taxable event in the US.

If you receive a new crypto from an airdrop, you must determine its Fair Market Value (in USD) when you receive it and then report that amount as income on your income tax return.

Hard forks are taxed the same way. If you hold a cryptocurrency that goes through a hard fork and subsequently you receive new coins, you must determine the FMV of those coins when you receive them and report them as income on Form 1040.

Crypto payments

If you pay for a product/service with crypto, whether directly or through a crypto card, you have a taxable event in the US.

Crypto payments are treated as if you first sell the crypto for FIAT as a trade, which is taxed at the capital gains level, then use the FIAT for your purchase of goods or services.

Crypto gifts and donations

In the US, receiving crypto gifts is usually not a taxable event. But if you give crypto to someone as a gift and the FMV of the crypto exceeds the annual gift tax exclusion amount, $16,000 in 2022 ($17,000 for 2023), you would need to file a gift tax return.

Donating crypto to a charitable organization may qualify you to take a tax deduction and effectively reduce your taxes. You can deduct your donation at FMV if your holding period for the donated crypto is more than 12 months, and you don't need to report any capital gains for the difference between the FMV and your cost basis.

NFT taxes (non-fungible tokens)

Trading any crypto for NFTs or trading NFTs for NFTs or any other crypto asset is a taxable event in the US.

If you trade any NFT, you are taxed at the capital gains level, with the tax rate depending on the holding period of the crypto/NFT. Gains/losses from NFT trading are reported in Form 8949 and Schedule D of Form 1040.

Some people believe that NFTs are considered collectibles and should be taxed as such. Currently, there is no official guidance about NFT taxation, but the IRS appears to treat NFTs the same way as for cryptocurrencies.

If you're an NFT creator, your sales proceeds (from your NFT sale) would be considered ordinary income and should be reported on Schedule 1 or Schedule C of your income tax return, depending whether you are doing NFT creation as a hobby or a business.

Using losses to reduce your crypto tax

In the US, you can use your crypto losses to offset your capital gains, effectively reducing your capital gains taxes. In addition, each year you can deduct up to $3,000 of net capital loss and use it to reduce your taxable income.

Tax treatment for lost or stolen crypto

If you lose crypto in an accident or your crypto got stolen, you won't be able to claim a loss deduction because these losses are considered personal casualty losses, which are not tax deductible in the US under the current tax law.

Crypto exchange bankruptcies

Crypto exchange bankruptcies like recent ones related to FTX or BlockFi cause investors to lose their funds. Legal action may help investors retrieve some of those funds. You may be able to take a capital loss deduction after the bankruptcy is over and the amount of your compensation has been finalized. You cannot deduct any losses while the bankruptcy proceeding is still going on.

Crypto taxes in other countries

Crypto tax laws are different across countries, with the US having one of the most complicated tax codes. Countries like Germany, Canada, the UK, and Australia all tax certain cryptocurrency transactions, while some countries offer benefits to long-term crypto investors.

Crypto taxes UK

The UK taxes cryptocurrencies at a capital gains and income tax level, depending on the nature of the transactions.

As a general rule, if you trade any cryptocurrency for another crypto, for FIAT, a stablecoin, or an NFT, you fall under a capital gains tax scenario.

If you spend crypto to buy a product or gift it, you are taxed on the gains. However, if you earn income from products like staking, you may be taxed according to your income tax rate.

Read our complete guide on crypto taxes in the UK.

Crypto taxes Canada

Canada taxes cryptocurrencies in two ways: 1) at a personal income level for income-earning activities; 2) at a capital gains tax scenario for trades.

However, when paying taxes over gains, crypto investors only pay for 50% of their total capital gains.

Crypto taxes Australia

Australia taxes individual cryptocurrency investors when trading cryptocurrencies for other digital assets, stablecoins, FIAT (e.g., AUD), and NFTs at a capital gains level. However, if you hold your crypto for over one year, you get a 50% discount on the capital gains taxes.

Read more about crypto taxes in Australia.

Crypto taxes Germany

Crypto is taxed in Germany, from crypto-to-FIAT to crypto-to-crypto trades, subject to income taxes, with the tax rate depending on your level of taxable income.

However, German investors do not have to pay any crypto taxes if they hold their digital assets for over one year.

Learn more about crypto taxation in Germany.

Cryptocurrency taxation tips

Find a crypto tax advisor

If you need help with calculating your crypto taxes, you should look for a qualified crypto accountant. Certified public accountants who specialize in cryptocurrencies can help reconcile your crypto transactions with a crypto tax software. They can also provide you with crypto tax related advice, help you with tax planning, and prepare your crypto tax return.

Our network of crypto tax firms can help you, and our done-for-you Full-Service has a team of experts who can take care of the entire account reconciliation process for you.

Create tax return with a crypto tax calculator

You need to file the right crypto tax forms to do your crypto taxes, and the easiest way to generate your crypto tax reports is with the help of a crypto tax software.

Tools like CoinTracking enable you to import all your trades from multiple exchanges/wallets/blockchains, determine your gains/losses, and generate crypto tax forms.

Offset crypto gains by using losses with crypto tax loss harvesting

One of the best ways to reduce your crypto taxes is by deducting losses through crypto tax loss harvesting. If you have capital gains from other trades, you can realize a loss from a coin that lost most of its value, usually around the end of the tax year, and use the loss to offset your gain.

By using crypto tax loss harvesting, you can legally reduce your crypto tax bill.

Deduct transaction costs

When you calculate crypto gains, don't forget to subtract trading fees from sales proceeds for calculating gain/loss for selling your crypto. Both centralized and decentralized exchanges charge a small fee for transactions, which, depending on the number of trades you have, can substantially reduce your capital gains taxes.

If you paid a transaction fee when purchasing a crypto with FIAT, you can add the transaction fee to your cost basis.

How do you save on taxes on crypto?

You can save on your crypto taxes by:

• Holding crypto for over 12 months
• Applying the wash sale rule to generate losses
• Donating cryptocurrency to a qualified charitable organization
• Taking crypto loans
• Crypto tax loss harvesting
• Investing in crypto with retirement accounts such as self-directed IRAs or Roth IRAs
• Moving to a crypto-tax-friendly state (e.g., Texas, Wyoming, Washington)
• Moving to a crypto tax-free country, such as Portugal, Switzerland, Dubai, Singapore, or Puerto Rico

Conclusion

Crypto taxes in the US can be complicated and confusing for crypto investors, given the complexity of the tax code and the need for proper reporting. Crypto tax software like CoinTracking can help ease that process, from importing trades to calculating gains/losses and generating the right tax forms.

In addition, a clear understanding of crypto taxable events is essential to ensure a smooth reporting process, from capital gains taxes on crypto trading to income taxes on all forms of earning crypto.

If you're looking for a personalized crypto tax experience, please check out our Full-Service, where a professional crypto CPA will take care of your crypto taxes in a Done-For-You process.

This guide will be updated to reflect any relevant changes in crypto taxes. Stay tuned!